Baker



Feb. 7, 1961 Filed Jan. 27, 1958 R. c. BAKER 2,970,650

3 Shee'cs--Sheei'l 1 deceasd 5 Sheets-Sheet 2 R. C. BAKER inea H. Aena@fw/.p CH/varese SUBSURFACE APPARATUS FOR OPERATING WELL TOOLS Feb. 7,1961 Filed Jan. 27, 1958 2,970,650 suBsURFAcE: APPARATUS FOR OPERATINGWELL Toons Filed Jan. 27, 1958 R. C. BAKER Feb. 7, 1961 3 SheetS-Sheet 3United States 12 Claims. (Cl. 166-124) The present invention relates tosubsurface well apparatus, and more particularlyto apparatus forperforming certain desirable functions or operations in oil, gas, andsimilar well bores.

An object of the present invention is to provide improved subsurfacewell apparatus for mechanically effecting operation of well tools andequipment in a well bore.

Another object of the invention is to provide subsurface well apparatusfor mechanically effecting operation of a well tool in a well borethrough rotating a tubular string to which the apparatus is connected,in which the torque imposed upon the tubular string is multiplied forapplication to the well tool, thereby providing a greater operatingforce on the well tool.

A further object of the invention is to provide subsurface apparatus forsetting a well tool in a well bore by suitable manipulation of thetubular string to which the apparatus is secured, the setting forceimparted by the tubular string to the apparatus being multiplied thereinfor application to the well tool.

This invention possesses many other advantages, and has other objectswhich may be made more clearly apparent from a consideration of a formin which it may be embodied. This form is shown in the drawingsaccompanying and forming part of the present specification. It will nowbe described in detail, for the purpose of illustrating the generalprinciples of the invention; but it is to be understood that suchdetailed description is not to be taken in a limiting sense, since thescope of the invention is best defined by the appended claims.

Referring to the drawings:

atentf Figure 1 is a longitudinal section through an apparatus disposedin a well casing, with its parts occupying relative positions forlowering the apparatus in the well casing;

Fig` 2 is an enlarged longitudinal section through the setting apparatusand the upper portion of the well packer, with the setting apparatus incondition for effecting setting of the packer;

Fig. 3 is an enlarged fragmentary longitudinal section similar to Fig.2, disclosing the parts in another relative position;

Fig. 4 is a longitudinal section illustrating a portion of the settingapparatus in position for elfecting a full setting of the well packer inthe well casing;

Fig. 5 is an enlarged fragmentary side elevational view of the dragportion of the apparatus illustrated in Figs. 1 to 4, inclusive; t

Fig. 6 is a cross-section taken along the line 6 6 on Fig. 2.

Fig. 7 is a cross-section taken along the line 7-7 on Fig. 2.

Fig. 8 is a cross-section taken along the line 8-8 on Fig. 2.

As illustrated in the drawings, a setting apparatus A i is secured tothe upper portion of a well tool" B, such A asl a well packenwhich is tobeanchored in packed-off A condition in a well casing C, the entirecombination being adapted to be lowered in the well casing on a tubularstring D, such as drill pipe or tubing, extending to the top of the wellbore, by means of which the apparatus is manipulated.

The lower well tool B can be of any desired type to be actuated by theoperating or setting apparatus A. In the drawings it is shown as a wellpacker, including a main body 10 having a passage 11 therethrough and aguide 12 secured on its lower end. A set of lower segmental slips 13 isdisposed around the body, bearing against a lower body ilange 14 andhaving inner tapered surfaces 15 adapted to coact with companion taperedsurfaces 16 on a lowerexpander 17. The lower slips are secured initiallyin retracted position to the lower expander by shear screws 18, thelower expander 17 being initially attached to the body 10 by one or moreshear screws 19.

Surrounding the body 10 is a packing sleeve 20 of rubber or rubber-likematerial, the lower end of which engages the upper portion ot' the lowerexpander 17 and the upper end of which engages the lower portion of anupper expander 22 initially secured to the body by one or more shearscrews 23. This upper expander has a tapered expander surface 24 adaptedto coact with companion inner tapered surfaces 25 on a set of uppersegmental slips 26 surrounding the body, the slips being held initiallyin retracted position by shear screws 27 attaching them to the upperexpander. The upper end of the upper slips bear against an upperabutment or trip ring 26 slidably mounted on the body `16 and engaging astop ring 29 threaded on the upper end of the body to prevent upwardmovement of the trip ring.

The screws 27 securing the upper slips 26 to the upper expander 22 havea lesser shear strength than the screws 23 attaching the upper expanderto the body 10;,whereas the screws 19, 18 attaching thelower expander 17to the body 10 and the lower slips 13 to the lower expander have agreater shear strength than the screws 23 attaching the upper expander22 to the body. Such `relative shear strengths are provided so that theupper slips 26 will be rst released from `the upper expander 22,followed by release of the upper expander 22 from the body, and thenrelease ofthe lower expander 17 from the body andthe lower slips 13 fromthe lower expander, in the manner described hereinbelow.

The body 1U has an upper threaded box 30, preferably of left hand, whichmeshes with a companion thread 31 on the lower end of the tubularmandrel portion 32 of the operating or setting apparatus A. The upperend of this mandrel is threadedly secured to a coupling 33, which is, inturn, threaded on to the lower end ot' the tubular string D extending tothe top of the well bore. A drag and actuating device 34 surrounds andis slidable on the body or mandrel 32, this device including a drag body35 having a central circumferential groove 36 formed therein, therebeing aligned upper and lower slots 37, 38 formed in the body 35 andcommunicating with the circumferential groove'36. Surrounding the body35 are circumferentially spaced, longitudinally extending drag members39 in the form of drag blocks that extend across the circumferentialgroove 36 and having upper and lower reduced end portions or lugs 40, 41received within the upper and lower slots or grooves 37, 38 in the body.The drag blocks 39 are shiftable radially of the drag body 35, the lugs40, 41 thereon making a sliding it with the sides of the longitudinalgrooves 40, 41. The blocks are urged in an outward direction by helicalcompression springs 42 engaging the base of the circumferential groove36 and also the bases of sockets 43 formed in the inner v portion ofeach drag block 39. The extent of outward expansion of each drag blockunder the inuence of the Patented Feb. 7, 1961 'in Fig. l.

springs 42 is determined by engagement of upper block terminals 44 withan upper stop ring 45 encompassing the body 35 and suitably securedthereto by s crews 46, and by engagement of lower block lug terminals 47with a lower stop ring 48 encompassing the'lower portion of the body 35and its longitudinal grooves 38, and secured to the body 35 by one ormore screws 49.V

Secured to the drag device 34 in any suitable manner, as by making itintegral with the lower stop ring 48, is a thrust ring 50 depending fromthe body 3S and having an internally threaded box 51 `andl an externallythreaded portion 52. The internally threaded box 51 is adapted tothreadedly mesh with an axial cam or feed screw 53 integral with orwelded to the mandrel v32 of the tool. The outer threaded portion 52 ofthe thrust ring 5t) meshes with an internally threaded portion 54 of asetting sleeve 55 that depends from the thrust ring and is adapted tocontact the upper abutment or trip ring 28. This setting sleeve 55 mayhave one or more radial bleeder holes 56 therethrough to permit fluid inthe well casing to pass readily between the interior and exterior ofthesetting sleeve 55, and thereby avoid impeding its movement in effectingthe desired operation in the well bore.

The threaded connection between the feed screw 53 and the internalthread 51 on the thrust ring S0 is preferably left hand. which is alsotrue of the threaded connection between the setting sleeve 5S and theexterior of the thrust ring 5t), whereas the pitch of the threadedconnection between the feed screw 53 and the thrust ring 50 is muchgreater than the pitch of the threaded connection between the setting`sleeve and the thrust ring. By Way of example, the left hand threadedconnection between the feed screw 53and the thrust riru;l 50 may havefour threads per inch, whereas the threaded connection between thesetting sleeve 55 and the thrust ring 50 may have eight threads perinch.

Initiallv. the setting sleeve 55 engages the lowermost external threadedportion on the thrust ring 50 and the thrust ring mav be completelyunthreaded from the feed `screw 53 and be disposed thereabove, such asillustrated The threaded connection between the feed screw 53 and thrustring 50 may be established in the manner described hereinbelow. andafter an appropriate operation on the lower well packer B has beenperformed, the feed screw 53 mav bey unthreaded from the thrust sleeve50 and disposed thereabove. being placed in a position in which theuppermost thread 53a on the feed screw can engage a downwardly facingstop shoulder 56 on the drag7 bodv 3S.

The springs 42 urge the drag blocks 39 outwardly into frictionalengagement with the wall of the well casing C to resist movement of thedrag device 34 therewithin.

-To insure against rotation of the drag device around the casing whenthe tubular string D and the mandrel 32 are rotated to the right, theouter face 57 of each drag block Ymav be tapered in a rearward directionawav from the wall of the well casing C, to provide a forward or leadingedge 58 adapted to engage the casing wall and tend to dig thereintounder the inuence ofthe springs 42 (Fig. 7). Thus. the drag device willmore positively tend to resist rotation of the thrust ring 50 uponrotation of the tubular mandrel 32 and of the setting sleeve 55, in themanner described hereinbelow. v

In the operation of the apparatus, the mandrel 32 is threadedly securedwithin the body box 32, the drag device 34 and its thrust ring 50 beingunthreaded from the feed screw 53. The setting sleeve 55 is disposed inits lower position on the thrust ring 50, such as illustrated in Figs. land 2. During the lowering of the apparatus in the well casing, thefrictional engagement of the drag `device. 34 against the wall of thewell casing C causes it to occupy an upper position onthe mandrel 32 inengagevment with the coupling 33, the coupling forcing the drag devicedownwardly ahead of it asthe tubular string D is lowered in the wellcasing. At this time, the -inner threads 51i4 of the thrust ring S0 aredisposed a substantial Vdistance above the feed screw 53A so thatinadvertent turnf ing or rotation of the tubular string D and themandrel 32 attached thereto cannot inadvertently effect a prematureactuation `of the well packer B.

After the desired location in the well casing has been reached at whichthe well packer is to beset, the tubular string D is elevated to aslight extent to bring the uppermost thread 53a of the feed screwagainst the lowermost internal thread 51a of the thrust ring 50,whereupon the tubular string and mandrel of the tool are rotated to theright, which will effect relative upward feeding of the mandrel 32 andthe feed screw 53 within the thrust ring 50. When substantially a fullthreaded engagement has been secured, the trip ring 28 will engage thelower end of the setting sleeve 55, the parts then occupying the position illustrated in Fig. 2. Relative rotation of the mandrel 32 withinthe thrust ring 50 and drag device 34 can occur in view of thefrictional engagement of the drag blocks 39 with the wall of the wellcasing C and the slight embedding of the leading edges 53 of the dragblocks therewithin.

A. continuation of the rotation of the tubular string D and of themandrel 32 attached thereto will then cause the mandrel to feedrelatively -upwardly within the thrust ring 59 in view of their lefthand threaded connection. ISince the well packer B is secured to themandrel 32, the entire packer structure will also be rotated, the tripring 28 engaging the setting sleeve 55 and rotating the setting sleevewith it relative to the external thread 52 on the thrust ring 50,feeding the setting sleeve S5 in an upward direc tion along the thrustring (Fig. 3). Since the pitch of the threads on the feed screw 53 andinternally of the thrust ring 50 is much greater than the pitch of thethreads on the setting sleeve 55 and the exterior of the thrust ring S0,the mandrel 32 and packer body 10 will move relatively upward of thethrust ring 50 a much greater dis-v tance than the setting sleeve 55 ismoving upwardly along the thrust ring 50, causing the sleeve 55 to exerta downward force on the trip ring 28 and the slips 26. In effect, thesetting sleeve SSis urging the trip ring 28 and slips 26 in a downwarddirection relativeto the body 10, and when the downward force becomessufficient, theV shear screws 27 attaching the upper slips to the upperexpander 22 are disrupted and the upper slips will drop downwardly alongthe upper expander and radially outward into engagement with the wellcasing C (please refer to Fig. 3 for condition of slips 2,6 at instantof disruption of shear screws 27).

After the upper slips 26 have engagedvthe well casing C, an upwardstrain can betaleen on the tubing string D, mandrel 32 and packer B.Since the upper slips engage the well casing and cannot move upwardlytherealong, the upper expander 22 is prevented from moving upwardly,since it is wedged within the slips. The upward strain on the tubularstring, mandrel and body ofthe well packer will shear the screws 23holding the upper expander to the body 10 and will then shift the lowerexpander 17 and lower slips 13 toward the upper expander 22,foreshortening the packing sleeve 20 and expanding it outwardly intosealing engagement with the wall of the well casing C. A continuation ofsuch upward strain will then shear the screws 19, 1S holding the lowerexpander 17 to the body 10 and the lower slips 13 to the lower expander,sliding the body within the lower expander and moving the lower slips 13along the lower expander and radially outwardly into anchoringengagement with the wall of the well casing.

A sufcient upward strain is taken to insure the tirm embedding of theupper and lower slips 26, 13 against the wall of the well casing C andsealing engagement of the packing sleeve 20 against the casing wall, aswell `as against the periphery of the body 10. The parts are vretainedin this position by engagement of a` lsplit ratchet ring disposed in aninternal groove 61 in the upper expander 22'with a tooth `62 of a seriesof longitudinally e l n g ratchet teeth formed on the yperiphery of the15 ,v o dy 10 and facing in a downward direction. -fI-he ring gemeenA 60and ratchet teeth 62 will permit upwardmovement of the bedy ltlrelativeto the upper expanderV 22, but will preclude downward movement of thebody relative thereto (Fig. 4).

With the packer B now anchored in packed-off condition within the wellcasing C it can be used for performing the desired operation in the wellbore. If a squeeze cementing operation is to beperformed, thecementitious material is pumped down the tubular string D, passingthrough the mandrel 32 and the body 10 of the tool to discharge into theformation below the well packer. After the cementing operation has beencompleted, the tubing string D and mandrel 32 are rotated to the right aYsufficient number of revolutionsto unthread the lower end of themandrel from the body box 30, after which the tubing string and thesetting tool A can be elevated in the well casing C and removedcompletely therefrom at the top of the well bore. The rotation of thetubular mandrel 32 will effect a complete upward unthreading of the feedscrew 53 from the thrust ring 50, the uppermost thread 53a then engagingthe stop shoulder 56 of the drag body 35 in order to carry the dragdevice 34 upwardly along the casing with the mandrel and out of thehole.

In the event that the mandrel 32 has not been rotated sufiiciently tounthread the feed screw 53 from the thrust ring 50 in detaching theupper slips 26 from the upper expander 22, the act of rotating themandrel to effect its disconnection from the packer body 10 will insurethe complete unthreading of the feed screw from the thrust ring.However, as assurance that the slip screws 27 `have been sheared and theupper slips `26p released, a suicient number of turns will normally betaken on the tubular string C and themandrel 32 to not only shear thescrews 27 and release the slips 26, butto completely unthread the feedscrew 53 from the thrust ring 50. The tubular string C and mandrel 32can then be rotated within Vthe drag device 34 without any restraintoffered by the left hand threaded connection between the feed screw 53and thrust ring 50. p

The making of the left hand threaded connection 52, 54 between thesetting sleeve 55 and the thrust ring `Si) 'of a much lesser pitch thanthe threaded connection between the mandrel 32, 53 and the thrust ring50 provides ar mechanical advantage or force multiplying arrangementinsuring a multiplication of the downward shearing force imposed uponthe trip ring 28 and upper slips 2 6.' The feed screw 53 is feedingupwardly along the thrust ring 50 a certain distance and the settingsleeve 55 is also feeding upwardly along the thrust ring 50, but to -alesser extent. Accordingly, to secure the shearing ofthe screws 27, amuch greater number of revolutions "of the tubular mandrel 32 isrequired than if the backing off or upper feeding of the setting sleeve55 along the Vthrust ring 50 were not provided. Since a greater numberof revolutions are p-rovided for the same torque im- .posed upon themandrel 32, the shearingforce available `for application to the screws27 is much greater. As a result, the shear strength of the screws 27Aholding .the

jupper slips 26 to the upperexpander 22 `can be made quite substantial,insuring against premature releasing of such screws while the apparatusis being moved longitudinally in the well casing. f

What is claimed is: 1. In well apparatus adapted to` be lowered in awell lconduit and adapted to operate a toolin the wellco-nduitrfaniemb'er adapted to b`e attached to the tool; means on saidmember for operating the tool, said means cornprising firstinstrumentalities movable relative to said member and engageable withthe well conduit to resist rotary movement of said firstinstrumentalities there- Within, second instrumentalities engageablewith the tool ties to a portion of' said first instrumentalities, rotarymovement of said portion being resisted by the well conduit, and anaxial cam connection securing said member to said firstinstrumentalities, whereby rotation of said member and secondinstrumentalities relative to said first instrumentalities relativelyfeed said member and second instrumentalities longitudinally of saidfirst instrumentalities.

2. In well apparatus adapted to be lowered in a well conduit and adaptedto operate a tool in the well conduit: a member adapted to be attachedto the tool; means on said member for operating the tool, said meanscomprising first instrumentalities movable relative to said member andengageable with the well conduit to resist rotary movement of said firstinstrumentalities there- Within, second instrumentalities engageablewith the tool and rotatable relative to said first instrumentalities, afirst threaded connection securing said second instrumentalities to aportion of said first instrumentalities, rotary movement of said portionbeing resisted by the well conduit, and a second threaded connectionsecuring said member to said first instrumentalities, whereby rotationof said member and second instrumentalities relative to said firstinstrumentalities relatively feeds said member and secondinstrumentalities longitudinally of said first instrumentalities.

3. In well apparatus adapted to be lowered in a Well conduit and adaptedto operate a tool in the w-ell conduit: a member adapted to be attachedto the tool; means on said member for operating the tool, said meanscomprising first instrumentalities movable relative to said member andengageable with the well conduit to resist rotary movement of said firstinstrumentalities there- Within, second instrumentalities engageablewith the tool and rotatable relative to said first instrumentalities, afirst threaded connection securing said second instrumentalities to saidfirst instrumentalities, and a second threaded connection securing saidmember to said first instrumentalities, whereby rotation of said memberand second instrumentalities relative to said first instrumentalitiesrelatively feeds said member and second instrumentalities longitudinallyof said first instrumentalities, said second threaded connection havinga greater pitch than said first threaded connection, said threadedconnections being of the same hand.

4. In well apparatus adapted to be lowered in a well conduit and adaptedto operate a tool in the Well conduit: a member adapted to be attachedto the tool; drag means on and movable relative to said member andengageable with the well conduit; a sleeve engageable with the'tool androtatable relative to said drag means; a first threaded connectionsecuring said sleeve to a portion of said drag means, rotary movement ofsaid portion being resisted by the well conduit; a second threadedconnection between said member and drag means, whereby rotation of saidmember and sleeve relative to said drag means relatively feeds saidmember and sleeve 1ongitudinally of said drag means.

5. In well apparatus adapted to be lowered in a well 0 conduit andadapted to operate a tool in the well conduit: a member adapted to beattached to the tool; drag means on and movable relative to said memberand engageable with the well conduit; a sleeve engageable with the tooland rotatable relative to said drag means; a first threaded connectionbetween said sleeve and drag means; a second threaded connection betweensaid member and ".dr'agnmeans, whereby rotation "of said member andsleeve relative to said drag means relatively feeds said member andsleeve longitudinally of said drag means; such second 0 threadedconnection having a greater pitch than said and rotatable relative tosaid first instrumentaliti an axial cam connection securing said secondinstrnmitlu first threaded connection, said threaded connections beingof the same hand.

6. In well apparatus adapted to be lowered in a Well conduit and adaptedto operate a tool in the well conduit: a member adapted to be attachedto the tool; drag means. on and movable relative tosaid member and en;gageable with the well conduit; a sleeve engageable with the tool yandrotatable relative'to said drag means; a firstV threaded connectionsecuring said sleeve toM a ,portion-of said drag means, rotary movementof said portion being resisted by the well conduit; a second threadedconnection between said member and drag means, whereby rotation of saidmember and sleeve relative to said drag means relatively feeds saidmember and sleeve longitudinally of said drag means; said member beingadapted to be disposed within said drag means with said second threadedconnection disrupted and movable longitudinally within said drag meansto establish said second threaded connection.

7. `In well apparatus adapted to be lowered in a well conduit andadapted to operate a tool'in the well conduit: a member adapted to beattached to the tool; drag means on and movable relative to said memberand engageable with the well conduit; a sleeve engageable with thetooland rotatable relative to said drag means; a first threadedconnection securing said sleeve to aportion of said drag means, rotarymovement of said portion being resisted by the well conduit; a secondthreaded connection between said member and drag means, whereby rotationof said member and sleeve relative to said drag means relatively feedssaid member and sleeve longitudinally of said drag means; said dragmeans including drag elements having longitudinal edges engageable withthe wall of the well conduit to resist rotation of said drag means inthe well conduit.

8. In well apparatus: a Well tool having normally retracted meansadapted to be expanded laterally outwardly into engagement with the Wallof the well conduit; setting apparatus for said well tool, including anoperating member attached to the well tool, holding means engageablewith the well conduit to resist rotary movement of the holding meanstherewithin, a setting member engageable with said normally retractedmeans for expanding said normally retracted means laterally outwardly,said setting member being rotatable relative to said holding means, anaxial cam connection securing said setting member to a portionfof saidholding means, rotary movement of said portion being resisted by thewell conduit, and an axial cam connection securing said operating memberto said holding means, whereby rotation of said .operating member andlsetting member relative to said holding means relatively feeds saidoperating member and `setting member longitudinally of said holdingmeans.

9. In well apparatus: a well tool having normally retracted meansadapted to be expanded laterally outwardly into engagement with the wallofthe well conduit; setting apparatus for said well tool, including anoperating member attached to the well tool, holding means engageablewith the well conduit to resist rotary movement of the holding meanstherewithin, a setting member engageable with said normally retractedmeans for eX- panding said normally retracted means laterally outwardly,said setting member being rotatable relative to said holding means, afirst threaded connection securing said setting member to a portion ofsaid holding means,.

rotary movement of said portion being resisted by the well conduit, anda second threaded connection securing said operating member to saidholding means, whereby rotation of said'operating member and settingmember `relative to said holding means relatively feeds said memberslongitudinally of said holding means.

10. In well apparatus: a well tool having normally retracted meansadapted to` be expanded laterally outwardly into engagement with thewall of the well conduit;

setting apparatus f or said welltool, including an operata. Ving* memberattached 'to the `well tool, holding'means. engageable with the wellconduit to resist rotary movement of the holding means therewithin, asetting member engageable with said normally retracted means forexpanding said normally retracted means laterally outwardly, saidsetting member being rotatable relative to said holding means, a firstthreaded connection securing said setting member to said holding means,and a second threaded connection securing said operating member to saidholding means, whereby rotation of said operating member and settingmember relative to said holding means relatively feeds said memberslongitudinally of said holding means, said second threadedconnectionhaving a greater pitch than said rst threaded connection,suchthreaded connections being of the same hand.

1l. In well apparatus: a well tool having normally retracted meansadapted to be expanded laterally outwardly into engagement with the Wallofthe well conduit; setting apparatus for said well tool, including anoperating member attached to the well tool, holding means engageablewith the well conduit to resist rotary movement of the holding meanstherewithin, a setting member engageable with said normally retractedmeans for expanding said normally retracted means laterally outwardly,said setting member being rotatable relative to said holding means, arst threaded connection securing said setting member to said holdingmeans, and a second threaded connection securing said operating memberto said holding means, whereby rotation of said operating member andsetting member relative to said holding means relatively feeds saidmembers longitudinally of said holding means, said second threadedconnection having a greater pitch than said rst threaded connection,such threaded connections being of the same hand, said operating memberbeing adapted to be disposed within said holding means with said secondthreaded connection disrupted and movable longitudinally within saidholding means to establish said second threaded connection, said holdingmeans including drag elements having longitudinal edges engageable withthe wall of the well conduit to resist rotation ofrsaid holding means inthe well conduit.

l2. In well apparatus adapted to be lowered in a well conduit andadapted to operate a tool in the well conduit: a member adapted to beattached to the tool; drag means on and movable relative to said memberand engageable with the well conduit; a sleeve engageable with the tooland rotatable relative to said drag means; a rst threaded connectionbetween said sleeve and drag means; a second .threaded connectionbetween said member and drag means comprising a thread on said membermeshing with a companion thread on said drag means, whereby rotation ofsaid member and sleeve relative to said drag means relatively feeds saidmember and sleeve longitudinally of said drag means; said member beingadapted to be disposed within said drag means with said member threaddisconnected from and below said companion thread and said member beingmovable upwardly within said drag means to mesh said member thread withsaid companion thread.

References Cited in the le of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS2,589,506 Morrisett Mar. 18, `l952 2,802,533 Baker Aug. 13, 1957

